Metabolic disorders cause liver damage in people with HIV more often than viral hepatitis in lower-income countries

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Liver fibrosis in people with HIV in low- and middle-income countries was more often attributable to metabolic disorders than viral hepatitis, a six-country comparative study has found.

The findings, presented last month at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2022), suggest that prevention of type 2 diabetes and obesity will be critical for avoiding a growing burden of severe liver disease in people living with HIV as they age.

As the prevalence of hepatitis C has declined in people with HIV in higher-income countries due to direct-acting antiviral treatment, the contribution of metabolic disorders to liver disease has grown. But the role of metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity and raised lipid levels in causing liver damage in people with HIV in lower- and middle-income settings is less clear.

Glossary

fibrosis

Thickening and scarring of connective tissue. Often refers to fibrosis of the liver, which can be caused by an inflammatory reaction to long-term hepatitis infection. See also ‘cirrhosis’, which is more severe scarring.

diabetes

A group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood sugar (glucose). Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body fails to produce insulin, which is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or does not use insulin normally (insulin resistance). Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, unusual thirst and extreme hunger. Some antiretroviral drugs may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

multivariable analysis

Statistical technique often used to reduce the impact of confounding factors, in order to attempt to identify the real association between a factor of interest and an outcome. 

metabolism

The physical and chemical reactions that produce energy for the body. Metabolism also refers to the breakdown of drugs or other substances within the body, which may occur during digestion or elimination.

middle income countries

The World Bank classifies countries according to their income: low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high. There are around 50 lower-middle income countries (mostly in Africa and Asia) and around 60 upper-middle income countries (in Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean).

Researchers associated with two large international cohort studies of people with HIV on antiretroviral treatment investigated liver disease and its underlying causes in a subset of people with HIV enrolled into the cohorts in Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, India, Kenya, Rwanda and Zambia.

The study looked at the prevalence of fibrosis, using non-invasive scanning, in adults with HIV on antiretroviral treatment aged 40 and over. Participants were also screened for viral hepatitis, metabolic disorders and hazardous alcohol use. Multivariable analysis was used to identify factors associated with fibrosis and steatosis (liver fat accumulation).

The study analysed 1632 participants with a median age of 50 years who enrolled in the cohorts between June 2015 and August 2021. All participants had been taking antiretroviral treatment for at least six months and the median CD4 count was 545 cells. The study authors did not report the distribution of study participants between countries.

Screening for liver disease was carried out by Fibroscan transient elastography and showed that 11% had F2 – F4 fibrosis, while 31% had steatosis. Prevalence of both conditions was highest in Brazil and India, where approximately 20% had fibrosis and over 40% had steatosis.

Multivariable analysis showed that people with HIV in India were between three and four times more likely to have liver fibrosis than people with HIV in Zambia, while people with HIV in Kenya were up to 90% less likely to have fibrosis than their counterparts in Zambia. Steatosis risk was similar for people with HIV in Zambia and Kenya, while the risk of liver fibrosis and steatosis was broadly similar for people with HIV in Zambia, Côte d'Ivoire and Rwanda.

The prevalence of viral hepatitis was relatively low compared to cohorts of people with HIV in Europe and Asia: 4.5% had hepatitis B and 3.4% had hepatitis C. Two-thirds of those with hepatitis B (67%) were taking tenofovir as part of their antiretroviral regimen (tenofovir also suppresses hepatitis B replication). People with chronic hepatitis B infection did not have an elevated risk of fibrosis, but chronic hepatitis C infection raised the risk of fibrosis fivefold compared to no viral hepatitis.

Metabolic disorders were common in the study population. Nineteen percent were obese (body mass index of 30 or more), 11% had type 2 diabetes, 24% had hypertension and 53% had dyslipidemia. Fifteen percent had a hazardous level of alcohol use. In the multivariable analysis, obesity and type 2 diabetes were each associated with a 2.5-fold increase in the risk of fibrosis, while obesity raised the risk of steatosis fivefold. Type 2 diabetes tripled the risk of steatosis. Dyslipidemia and hypertension did not increase the risk of fibrosis or steatosis.

The researchers calculated what proportion of liver fibrosis in the study population was attributable to each risk factor (the population attributable fraction). Eighteen percent of fibrosis was attributable to obesity, 12% to type 2 diabetes, 8% to chronic hepatitis C and 3% to hepatitis B.

Marie Plaisy of the University of Bordeaux, the study’s lead author, said that “as access to effective antiviral therapies against chronic viral hepatitis expands, preventive measures against diabetes and obesity for PLHIV are urgently needed.” Obesity in particular is a concern in people with HIV. Newer antiretroviral regimens are associated with substantial weight gain after starting treatment and in settings where body weight is high among people starting treatment, the weight gain may lead to obesity. Liver damage may prove to be a long-term complication of the weight gain associated with newer antiretroviral regimens, but larger prospective studies will be needed to investigate this potential risk.

References

Plaisy MK et al. Etiology of liver disease in adults with HIV in low and middle-income countries. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, abstract 549, 2022.

View the abstract on the conference website.