- Introduction to HIV and AIDS
- The immune system and HIV
- Monitoring the immune system
- Genetics and HIV treatment
- Preventing HIV infection
- Ways of attacking HIV
- Starting HIV treatment
- Changing HIV treatment
- Drug resistance
- Side-effects
- Adherence
- Drug interactions and pharmacokinetics
- HIV treatment during pregnancy
- HIV treatment in children
- Treatment guidelines
- A to Z of medical tests
- A to Z of drugs
- Symptoms and illnesses
Treatment & Care Sitemap
- Introduction to HIV and AIDS
- The immune system and HIV
- Monitoring the immune system
- Genetics and HIV treatment
- Preventing HIV infection
- Ways of attacking HIV
- HIV and its treatment
- Treatment strategies
- Restoring the immune system
- Immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy
- Can HIV-positive people attain normal CD4 cell counts?
- Discordant viral load and CD4 cell responses
- Factors influencing CD4 cell recovery
- Restoring HIV-specific immunity
- Therapeutic HIV vaccines
- Interleukin 2 and other cytokines
- Immune recovery and opportunistic infection prophylaxis
- Immune restoration syndrome
- Effectiveness of anti-HIV therapy
- Starting HIV treatment
- When to start treatment
- Choosing a first combination
- Factors to consider when choosing a regimen
- Types of antiretroviral drugs
- Types of first-line regimens
- Choosing a NRTI/NtRTI backbone
- Choosing a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- Choosing a protease inhibitor
- Simplifying treatment
- Monitoring progress while on treatment
- When to change treatment
- Planning for the future: drug sequencing
- Questions to ask your doctor
- Changing HIV treatment
- Reasons for changing treatment
- Choosing the next regimen
- Summary: Choosing the next regimen
- Types of antiretroviral drugs
- Factors to consider when choosing the next regimen
- Principles of successful subsequent therapy
- Factors predicting good outcomes
- Changing drugs and drug classes
- Structured treatment interruption
- Continuing on 'failing' treatment
- What do treatment guidelines recommend?
- Drug resistance
- What is resistance?
- Resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- Resistance to AZT and d4T: the thymidine analogues
- Resistance to 3TC, FTC and D-d4FC
- Resistance to abacavir
- Resistance to ddI
- Resistance to tenofovir
- NRTI cross-resistance and class resistance[ix]
- Cross-resistance with hepatitis B treatments: entecavir
- Debate about positive consequences of resistance
- NRTI resistance: effect on protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- Cellular resistance?
- Resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- Resistance to protease inhibitors
- Resistance to amprenavir and fosamprenavir
- Resistance to atazanavir
- Resistance to darunavir
- Resistance to indinavir
- Resistance to lopinavir
- Resistance to nelfinavir
- Resistance to ritonavir
- Resistance to saquinavir
- Resistance to tipranavir
- PI class resistance
- Hypersusceptibility to protease inhibitors
- Natural variations (polymorphisms)
- Other reasons for drug failure
- Resistance to fusion inhibitors
- Resistance to integrase inhibitors
- Limiting the chance of resistance
- Transmission of resistant HIV
- How many people are initially infected with resistant virus?
- Transmission of drug-resistant HIV in resource-limited settings
- Factors in transmission of drug-resistant HIV
- Infectiousness and persistence of drug-resistant virus
- Implications for prognosis
- The "New York Case"
- Superinfection[ix]
- Resistance in genital fluids and other bodily tissues
- Resistance in non-B HIV subtypes
- Resistance testing
- Guiding treatment with resistance testing
- Guidelines
- Genotype vs. phenotype vs. treatment history: the CERT and NARVAL studies
- Genotype vs. treatment history: VIRADAPT, GART and ARGENTA
- Phenotype vs. treatment history
- The need for expert interpretation
- Comparing interpretation systems
- Virtual phenotype vs phenotype
- The need for more sophisticated analyses
- Phenotypic or genotypic susceptibility score
- Detecting rare but significant mutations
- Selecting drugs: using therapeutic drug monitoring with resistance testing
- Identifying resistance to a single drug
- Side-effects
- Types of side-effects
- Dealing with side-effects
- Liver toxicity
- Kidney toxicity
- Mitochondrial toxicity
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Body fat and metabolic changes whilst on treatment
- Summary: Body fat and metabolic changes whilst on treatment
- Body fat changes on antiretroviral therapy (lipodystrophy)
- Metabolic changes on antiretroviral therapy
- Possible causes of body fat and metabolic changes
- Heart disease and antiretroviral therapy
- Treating body fat changes
- Treating metabolic changes
- Treating body fat and metabolic changes - switching drugs
- Other side-effects
- Adherence
- Drug interactions and pharmacokinetics
- HIV treatment during pregnancy
- Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy
- Guidelines for treatment during pregnancy
- Pregnant women who are therapy-naive
- Pregnant women already on ARV therapy
- Prophylactic ART for PMTCT
- Women who present in labour with no prior therapy
- Care in the absence of ART during pregnancy and delivery
- ART for women after delivery
- Monitoring
- Anaemia
- United Kingdom guidelines
- United States guidelines
- Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV
- Breastfeeding
- Use of ART while breastfeeding
- Other PMTCT strategies
- Effect of breastfeeding on infant health
- Impact of breastfeeding on the mother's health
- Supplementation in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- HIV treatment in children
- Treatment guidelines
- A to Z of medical tests
- Learning about medical tests
- Bilirubin
- Blood count
- Blood gases
- Bone marrow biopsy
- Brain scan
- Bronchoscopy
- Computed tomography scan (CT)
- DEXA (Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) scan
- Endoscopy
- Karnofsky score
- Lactate
- Lipids
- Liver function
- Lumbar puncture
- Lung function tests
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Nerve conduction tests
- Neurocognitive tests
- Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
- Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin tests
- Renal function tests
- Serology
- Sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy
- Specimen culture
- Sputum tests
- Ultrasound
- X-ray
- A to Z of drugs
- Anti-HIV drugs, licensed single class agents
- Anti-HIV drugs, licensed, fixed-dose combination class
- Investigational anti-HIV drugs and treatments
- Alovudine
- ALVAC 1433
- AMD070
- Apricitabine (AVX754, SPD754)
- Bevirimat (PA-457)
- BMS-488043
- Calanolide A
- CD4-based therapies
- Cell Genesys gene therapy
- Cimetidine (Dyspamet / Tagamet)
- Colony stimulating factors
- Curcumin
- Dapivirine
- Dextran sulphate
- Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)
- Elvitegravir (GS-9137)
- Elvucitabine (ACH-126)
- Extracorporeal photopheresis
- FP-21399
- GPG-NH2
- GW695634
- GW8248
- HEPT derivatives
- HGP-30
- HGTV43
- Hydroxycarbamide (Hydrea)
- Hyperthermia
- Interferon gamma-1b (Immukin)
- Interleukin-12
- Interleukin-16
- Intravenous immunoglobulin
- Iscador
- Isoprinosine
- JE-2147
- Lentinan
- Malariotherapy
- MIV 150
- MVA-BN-Nef vaccine
- Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept)
- Ozone
- P-1946
- p24.VLP
- Passive immunotherapy
- Phosphazid
- PN355
- PRO 2000
- PRO 140
- pTHr.HIVA
- Racivir
- Remune
- S-1360
- SJ-3366
- SP1093V
- SPV-30
- Stampidine
- Tat toxoid vaccine
- Thymic peptides
- TMC278
- TNFR:Fc
- TNX-355
- Todoxin
- TSAO derivatives
- Tucaresol
- Vesnarinone
- Vicriviroc
- VIR201
- Virodene P058
- WF10
- Other drugs
- Aciclovir (Zovirax)
- Adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera)
- Albendazole (Zentel)
- Alcohol
- Alefacept
- Amikacin (Amikin)
- Amitriptyline hydrochloride
- Amphotericin
- Ampicillin (Penbritin)
- Anabolic steroids
- Aspirin
- Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
- Atovaquone (Wellvone)
- Autologous CD8 T-cell infusion
- Azithromycin (Zithromax)
- Bleomycin
- Buprenorphine (BuTrans/Temgesic/Transtec)
- Bupropion (Zyban)
- Cannabis
- Capreomycin (Capastat)
- Capsaicin (Axsain / Zacin)
- Carbamazepine
- Carnitine (Carnitor)
- Caspofungin (Cancidas)
- Chloroquine (Avloclor / Malarivon / Nivaquine)
- CHOP
- Ciclosporin (Neoral / Sandimmun)
- Cidofovir (Vistide)
- Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin / Ciloxan)
- Clarithromycin (Clarosip / Klaricid / Klaricid XL)
- Clindamycin (Dalacin C)
- Clofazimine
- Clotrimazole (Canesten)
- Cocaine
- Codeine phosphate
- COMP
- Corticosteroids
- Co-trimoxazole (Septrin)
- Cyclophosphamide (Endoxana)
- Cycloserine
- Cytarabine
- Dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome)
- Dapsone
- Daunorubicin
- Diamorphine hydrochloride (heroin)
- Diclofenac (Voltarol/Diclomax/Motifene)
- Dihydrocodeine tartrate
- Dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
- Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Caelyx)
- Echinacea
- Ecstasy
- Entecavir (Baraclude)
- Epoetin alfa and beta
- Erythromycin (Erymax / Erythrocin / Erythroped / Erythroped A)
- Ethambutol hydrochloride
- Etoposide (Etopophos / Vepesid)
- Ezetimibe (Ezetrol)
- Famciclovir (Famvir)
- Fenofibrate (Lipantil / Supralip 160)
- Fluconazole (Diflucan)
- Flucytosine (Ancotil)
- Fluorouracil
- Fluoxetine (Prozac)
- Folate
- Folinic acid
- Fomivirsen
- Foscarnet sodium (Foscavir)
- Gabapentin (Neurontin)
- Gamma-hydroxybutyrate
- Ganciclovir (Cymevene)
- Garlic
- Gentamicin (Cidomycin / Genticin)
- Glutamine
- Hormonal contraceptives
- Human growth hormone
- Hypericin (St Johns wort)
- Ibuprofen
- Imatinib (Glivec)
- Imiquimod (Aldara)
- Interferon alfa
- Interferon beta (Avonex/Rebi /Betaferon)
- Interleukin-2 (Proleukin)
- Irinotecan hydrochloride (Campto)
- Iron
- Isoniazid
- Itraconazole (Sporanox)
- Ketamine (Ketalar)
- Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
- Lomustine
- Loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium)
- mBACOD
- Megestrol acetate (Megace)
- Metformin hydrochoride (Glucophage / Glucophage SR)
- Methadone hydrochloride (Methadose)
- Methamphetamine
- Methotrexate
- Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin / Concerta XL / Equasym XL)
- Metronidazole (Flagyl / Flagyl S / Metrolyl)
- Mexiletine hydrochloride (Mexitil)
- Mitozantrone (Novantrone / Onkotrone)
- MOPP
- Morphine (Oramorph / Sevredol / Morcap SR / Morphegesic SR / MST Continus / MXL / Zomorph)
- N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)
- Naltrexone hydrochloride (Nalorex)
- Nimodipine (Nimotop)
- Nystatin (Nystan / Nystaform / Tinaderm-M)
- Octreotide (Sandostatin)
- Ofloxacin (Tarivid)
- Omeprazole (Losec)
- OTC
- Paclitaxel (Taxol)
- Paracetamol
- Paromomycin
- Pentamidine isetionate (Pentacarinat)
- Peptide T
- Pioglitazone (Actos)
- Phenytoin (Epanutin)
- Posaconazole
- Pravastatin sodium (Lipostat)
- Pregabalin (Lyrica)
- Primaquine
- Procaine hydrochloride
- Procarbazine
- PRO-MACE / MOPP
- Pyrazinamide
- Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
- Ranitidine (Zantac)
- Reticulose
- Retinoic acid
- Ribavirin (Copegus / Rebetol / Virazole)
- Rifabutin (Mycobutin)
- Rifampicin (Rifadin / Rimactane)
- Rifapentine
- Rituximab (MabThera)
- Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
- Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
- Selenium
- Sildenafil (Viagra)
- Simvastatin (Zocor)
- Streptomycin
- Sulfadiazine
- Tadalafil (Cialis)
- Tea tree oil
- Thalidomide
- Total parenteral nutrition
- Tramadol hydrochloride
- Trimethoprim (Monotrim)
- Trimetrexate
- Valaciclovir (Valtrex)
- Valganciclovir (Valcyte)
- Valproic acid (Depakote)
- Vardenafil (Levitra)
- Vinblastine sulphate (Velbe)
- Vincristine sulphate (Oncovin)
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B1
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin B2
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Voriconazole (Vfend)
- Zinc
- Herbal and naturopathic treatments
- Discontinued anti-HIV drugs
- Symptoms and illnesses
- A to Z of symptoms
- Dealing with symptoms
- Anaemia
- Anorexia
- Anxiety
- Blackouts & fits
- Breathlessness
- Bruising
- Cough
- Dermatitis
- Diarrhoea
- Dry mouth
- Dry skin
- Fatigue
- Fevers
- Gingivitis (gum problems)
- Headaches
- Hearing loss
- Insomnia
- Memory problems
- Mouth infections
- Mouth ulcers
- Nausea
- Night sweats
- Numbness
- Pain
- Rashes
- Sexual problems
- Swallowing difficulties
- Visual problems
- Walking difficulties
- Weight loss
- Sickness
- Vomiting
- A to Z of illnesses
- Allergy
- Aspergillosis
- B19 parvovirus
- Bacterial infections
- Blastomycosis
- Cancer
- Candidiasis
- Cardiomyopathy
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Cryptococcus
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - overview
- Depression
- Diabetes
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia lamblia
- Gingivitis
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Gynaecomastia (breast enlargement)
- Hairy leukoplakia
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C - overview
- Hepatitis C - references
- Herpes simplex
- Histoplasmosis
- HIV-associated dementia - overview
- HIV-associated dementia - key research
- HIV-associated dementia - references
- HIV-associated salivary disease
- Hodgkin's disease
- Human herpes virus 6
- Human papilloma virus
- Isosporiasis
- Kaposi's sarcoma - overview
- Kaposi's sarcoma - key research
- Kaposi's sarcoma - references
- Lactic acidosis / acidaemia
- Leishmaniasis
- Lung cancer
- Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis
- Malaria
- Microsporidiosis
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Multicentric Castleman's disease
- Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) - overview
- Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) - key research
- Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) - references
- Mycobacterium haemophilum
- Mycobacterium kansasii
- Neuropathy
- Neutropenia
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Osteonecrosis
- Osteoporosis
- Pancreatitis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Penicilliosis
- Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - overview
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - prevention & prophylaxis key research
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - treatment key research
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - references
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
- Psoriasis
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension
- Q fever
- Renal (kidney) disease
- Salmonellosis
- Schistosomiasis and other worm and fluke infections
- Seborrhoeic dermatitis
- Syphilis
- Testicular cancer
- Testosterone deficiency
- Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Tinea
- Toxoplasmosis - overview
- Toxoplasmosis - treatment key research
- Toxoplasmosis - prophylaxis key research
- Toxoplasmosis - references
- Tuberculosis
- Ulcers
- Vacuolar myelopathy
- Varicella zoster virus
- Wasting syndrome - overview
- Wasting syndrome - key research
- Wasting syndrome - references
- A to Z of symptoms