Last updated, March 2008.

Next due for review, March 2009.

If you have HIV it is only natural to want to know what effect the virus will have on your health in the future and your life-expectancy.

The word used to forecast the likely cause of a disease is prognosis. It comes from an ancient Greek word that means ‘to know beforehand.’

Factors affecting the prognosis of people with HIV

The following factors affect the life-expectancy of people with HIV:

**CD4 cell count. This gives a rough guide to the health of the immune system.

**Viral load. The amount of HIV in the blood.

**Age.

**Developing serious illness because of HIV before anti-HIV treatment is started.

**Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus.

**Injecting drug use.

There is a useful online tool which can predict the risk of HIV disease progression for people about to start anti-HIV treatment, and for people who have been taking anti-HIV treatment for six months. It is available here: www.art-cohort-collaboration.org.

The prognosis of people with HIV in the UK is getting better

Most HIV doctors are now hopeful that the right treatment and care can mean that a person with HIV in the UK will live a more or less normal lifespan.

Doctors in Denmark calculated that a person diagnosed with HIV in their mid-20s, would, with HIV treatment, live to their mid 60s.

Some doctors think that this estimate is too low and point out that it doesn’t take into account the availability of new, more powerful, more tolerable and easier-to-take anti-HIV drugs. And there’s optimism that HIV treatment will get even better in the future.

There is a growing consensus that most people with HIV in the UK will die with HIV not of HIV.

Why is prognosis improving?

The simple answer is that potent anti-HIV treatment became available. The amount of illness and death caused by HIV has fallen dramatically since powerful combinations of anti-HIV drugs became available in 1996.

Doctors are also skilled at treating the infections that people with HIV can be vulnerable to.

Anti-HIV treatment

Anti-HIV treatment doesn’t cure HIV, but it does stop the virus from reproducing and lowers amounts of HIV in the blood to very low levels. This allows the immune system to stay strong and fight infections.

It is recommended that everybody who is ill because of HIV should take anti-HIV treatment. It is also recommended to start taking anti-HIV treatment when your CD4 cell count falls to around 350.

Other benefits of anti-HIV treatment

Taking anti-HIV treatment before the virus has done too much damage to your immune system has also been shown to reduce the risk of heart, kidney and liver disease.

Illness

But some illnesses still occur more frequently in people with HIV.

Some cancers occur more frequently in people with HIV. These are often linked to infections. For example, people with HIV have higher rates of anal and cervical cancer and this is linked to infection with the genital wart virus HPV. Rates of mouth and throat cancer are also higher in people with HIV and could also be connected to HPV.

Many people with HIV are infected with hepatitis C virus and/or hepatitis C virus. These viruses affect the liver and can cause serious illness, even death.

Anti-HIV drugs can cause long-term side-effects and some drugs have been linked to an increased risk of heart, kidney and liver disease.

It’s also important to note that about 400 people a year still die because of HIV in the UK. But the main reason for this is that these people had their HIV diagnosed very late when they were already very ill because of HIV. They were not able to benefit from anti-HIV treatment.

Looking after your health

There is a lot you can do to look after your health and to give yourself the best chance of living a long and healthy life.

This includes:

**Making sure that you go to your HIV clinic for regular check-ups.

**Taking your HIV medication and any other treatment properly.

**Avoiding infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C.

**Not smoking.

**Eating a good, balanced diet.

**Taking regular exercise.