Infection with certain strains of a common virus called ‘human papillomavirus’, or HPV, can cause cell changes in the cervix that can lead to cervical cancer. All HIV-positive women should have a cervical screening test soon after they are diagnosed with HIV. You should then have a repeat test at least once a year.

Some strains of HPV can also cause cell changes in the anus. But the value of regular anal screening is much less certain.

Other monitoring tests for these cancers and pre-cancerous cell changes include a colposcopy and an anoscopy. A colposcopy examines the cervix with a microscope under a very bright light, while an anoscopy does the same for the examination of the anus. These procedures are also used in treating any abnormal cells found; these will be removed either by using chemicals or by burning or freezing them.